Immigrants and wealthy universities, as well as foreign companies, would see higher taxes under the House-passed bill.
President Trump already has the weight of the executive branch behind his efforts to strip funding from top universities, deport millions of unauthorized migrants and pressure foreign governments to change their economic policies.
With the sprawling bill that passed through the House on Thursday, Republicans are also preparing to enlist the tax code as another tool against Mr. Trump’s political foils.
The legislation, which could change as it heads to the Senate, would raise taxes on universities like Harvard, as well as on immigrants and on companies based in countries with taxes that the Trump administration deems unfair. Owners of major sports franchises, a group that Mr. Trump repeatedly tried and failed to join, would also see a tax increase.
“If you’re an ideological friend of Trump, you’re in generally good shape,” said William Gale, a co-director of the Tax Policy Center, a think tank. “If you’re an ideological foe, you pay more.”
The increases, he added, “feel very punitive.”
Those increases would go toward covering some of the cost of what is otherwise a broad tax cut. But in some cases, the amount of additional revenue the government would derive is relatively minor, while the effect on those targeted with a tax increase could be significant.
Consider Mr. Trump’s feud with Harvard. His administration has choked off federal funding for the wealthy university because the school has not agreed to demands for overhauling campus practices. As part of the fight, Mr. Trump has also called for the Internal Revenue Service to revoke Harvard’s tax-exempt status, a step that could raise taxes on the school but that faces a number of legal complications.